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Reading China’s Currency Internationalisation Strategy
Singapore has emerged as a pivotal offshore hub in China’s strategy to internationalise the renminbi (RMB) and reduce dependence on the dollar-led global financial order. It facilitates liquidity and capital flows, supported by clearing banks, trade settlements, digital currency and green finance cooperation. Despite this progress, structural limits like restricted capital mobility and regulatory uncertainty constrain the RMB’s global appeal. Consequently, Singapore acts as a stable external gateway while diversifying financial opportunities and risks, and enabling China to shape a gradual, regionally anchored RMB ecosystem.
Deepening China-Vietnam Relations in an Uncertain World
Vietnamese President To Lam’s visit to Beijing and several Chinese provinces reaffirmed Hanoi's view of China as a top strategic partner and highlighted growing alignment across political, economic, and technological priorities. Both sides are strengthening coordination through high-level engagement, cross-border connectivity, and expanding technology cooperation. Their relationship is further underpinned by ideological alignment and a shared focus on regime security. However, persistent tensions, especially over the South China Sea, continue to shape Vietnam’s cautious approach. As a result, Hanoi maintains a strategy of balancing cooperation with China while diversifying partnerships with other powers like the United States and India.
India, China and the Politics of Reliability
The imposition of intermittent restrictions on maritime traffic through the Strait of Hormuz by Tehran, in response to coordinated U.S.–Israel strikes on Iran, has disrupted global energy markets. Smaller South Asian economies, heavily dependent on Gulf energy imports, have faced immediate and severe consequences. As a result, South Asian states have preferred to turn to India when the crisis unfolds rather than to Beijing. With little indication of a near-term rapprochement between Washington and Tehran, there is a high likelihood that the crisis will persist. For South Asian economies already operating with limited buffers, a prolonged disruption could translate into sustained price pressures and mounting fiscal strain. In this context, how India and China, the two regional powers, choose to respond, whether by extending sustained assistance, scaling up engagement, or retreating inward, will shape longer-term regional alignments.
Zìlì Gēngshēng Reimagined
China’s revival of zìlì gēngshēng (self-reliance) under Xi Jinping has crystallised into a core organising principle of its political economy, institutionalised through the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030). No longer a historical slogan, it operates as a strategic doctrine linking technological capability, national security, and regime legitimacy. Rather than autarky, it reflects a calibrated response to supply chain vulnerabilities—simultaneously hedging against external shocks and driving domestic industrial upgrading. Its evolution from Maoist survivalism to Xi-era technological sovereignty underscores its conceptual elasticity. Yet, persistent tensions between self-reliance and globalization, and between indigenous innovation and external dependence reveal a model of selective integration—where openness is conditional and subordinated to control, resilience, and systemic endurance.
China’s AI development is driven by a state-coordinated strategy that integrates data systems, computing infrastructure, policy frameworks, and industry collaboration to build global competitiveness. The government has prioritized data as a key production factor, established regulated data marketplaces, and expanded compute capacity through initiatives like the Eastern Data Western Computing strategy. Strong public-private partnerships, especially with major tech firms, and investments in education and research have accelerated innovation and large-scale AI deployment. At the same time, evolving governance frameworks aim to ensure security, ethics, and standardization. However, challenges such as high resource consumption, regulatory complexity, and dependence on advanced semiconductors continue to shape the limits of China’s AI ambitions.
Part 5: False Promises
This is the fifth of a six-part series analyzing the Taiwanese TV series ‘Zero Day Attack’ for the Organisation for Research on China and Asia’s (ORCA) ‘Reviewing Chinese Culture’ segment.
’बाईजियू’ की पारंपरिक मांग को बढ़ाने वाली वजहों में युवा अनदेखी भी एक कारण
Shaping a Favourable Tomorrow
The Special Issue “India’s Soft Push for Power in South Asia: Shaping A Favourable Tomorrow” was ideated keeping in mind the increasing need for Indian policymakers to mitigate challenges emerging against New Delhi’s South Asian policy. Through each chapter, contributed by emerging Indian scholars specializing in India’s neighborhood policy, the publications envisions new and existing strategies to effectively leverage India’s soft power appeal in South Asia.
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China's Provinces at a glance
Made with the intention of furthering our audience's knowledge, our interactive map will tell you some interesting facts about each province in China.
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Province Name:
Anhui
Capital:
Hefei
Population Density 2024:
439.096
Party Secretary:
Liang Yanshun
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
3.80%
Did you know?
Anhui translates to “Peaceful Beauty" and is famous for producing Xuan Paper and Hui
Ink, which are traditionally considered the best for Chinese calligraphy.
Province Name:
Beijing
Capital:
Beijing
Population Density 2024:
1330.286
Party Secretary:
Yin Li
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
3.78%
Did you know?
Beijing has been the capital of China 6 times; the first time was in 221 BC during the
Warring States Period. Zhongnanhai (中南海), the complex which houses the headquarters of CPC is
located here.
Province Name:
Chongqing
Capital:
Chongqing
Population Density 2024:
387.257
Party Secretary:
Yuan Jiajun
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.42%
Did you know?
Chongqing is the deepest inland port in China along the shores of the Yangtze, Jialing
and Wujiang Rivers. It was the first inland port opened for direct foreign trade.
Province Name:
Fujian
Capital:
Fuzhou
Population Density 2024:
337.611
Party Secretary:
Zhou Zuyi
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
4.32%
Did you know?
Located at a strategic maritime position across Taiwan, China's third aircraft carrier
also carries its name. The famous Oolong tea originated in Fujian and it is also a home to
'Tulou' earthern buildings constructed by the Hakka community.
Province Name:
Gansu
Capital:
Lanzhou
Population Density 2024:
57.891
Party Secretary:
Hu Changsheng
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
0.98%
Did you know?
Political prisoners are often sent here. The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, the first
of China's four spaceports, is located in the Gobi desert of Inner Mongolia. It is currently
China's only site for launching manned spacecraft into orbit and also tests medium to long range
missiles.
Province Name:
Guangdong
Capital:
Guangzhou
Population Density 2024:
707.067
Party Secretary:
Huang Kunming
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
10.46%
Did you know?
Most populous province of China and has global economic hubs such as Shenzhen, and
Guangzhou. It is also the birth province of Sun Yat-sen, the 'Father of Modern China'.
Province Name:
Guangxi
Capital:
Nanning
Population Density 2024:
211.574
Party Secretary:
Chen Gang
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.13%
Did you know?
Guangxi is the only autonomous region in China that has both land ports and deepwater
seaports at its international border with Vietnam. It is the largest sugarcane producer in
China.
Province Name:
Guizhou
Capital:
Guiyang
Population Density 2024:
219.353
Party Secretary:
Xu Lin
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.69%
Did you know?
In 1935, during the Long March, Mao Zedong consolidated his power and took control of
the Communist Party of China (CPC) in this province.
Province Name:
Hainan
Capital:
Haikou
Population Density 2024:
295.016
Party Secretary:
Fang Fei
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
0.58%
Did you know?
The world's first island-looping high-speed railway (HSR) — stretching 653 km — was
completed in Hainan in 2015.
Province Name:
Henan
Capital:
Zhengzhou
Population Density 2024:
587.725
Party Secretary:
Liu Ning
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
4.78%
Did you know?
Henan literally means "south of (Yellow) river" and it is considered as the cradle of
Chinese civilization as two of the oldest Chinese dynasties Xia (21st C BC - 16th C BC) and
Shang (16th C BC - 11th C BC) were based in Henan.
Province Name:
Hebei
Capital:
Shijiazhuang
Population Density 2024:
390.784
Party Secretary:
Ni Yuefeng
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
3.54%
Did you know?
The Beidaihe beach resort, famously known for the CPC's annual summer retreat where
inner-Party deliberations are held, is located in Hebei. Additionally, it is the largest steel
producer in China.
Province Name:
Heilongjiang
Capital:
Harbin
Population Density 2024:
66.601
Party Secretary:
Xu Qin
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.21%
Did you know?
Heilongjiang literally means "Black Dragon River" and borders Russia with Amur River
('Heilong' in Chinese) serving as the boundary. Home to the world's largest Siberian tiger
reserve, it is also known as the 'winter sports capital' of China.
Province Name:
Hubei
Capital:
Wuhan
Population Density 2024:
314.040
Party Secretary:
Wang Zhonglin
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
4.49%
Did you know?
The Three Gorges Dam situated in the province is the world's largest hydroelectric
facility. The Wuhan Institute of Virology is situated in the capital city of this province known
for spearheading research on SARS.
Province Name:
Hunan
Capital:
Changsha
Population Density 2024:
310.104
Party Secretary:
Shen Xiaoming
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
3.97%
Did you know?
Hunan is the birth province of China's first Chairman Mao Zedong. It is famous for
food, being one of the most widely exported Chinese cuisine styles internationally.
Province Name:
Jiangsu
Capital:
Nanjing
Population Density 2024:
830.994
Party Secretary:
Xin Changxing
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
10.21%
Did you know?
Jiangsu has produced the most number of members in the 20th Central Committee, showing
its growing political importance. Jiangsu has emerged both as a major agricultural hub due to
fertile lands and as an economic powerhouse due to the presence of high-tech industries.
Province Name:
Inner Mongolia
Capital:
Hohhot
Population Density 2024:
20.186
Party Secretary:
Wang Weizhong
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.92%
Did you know?
Bayan Obo, a mining town in Inner Mongolia, hosts the world's largest rare earth
mineral deposit. Inner Mongolia was the first region in China to attain autonomous ethnic status
and is home to Genghis Khan's mausoleum.
Province Name:
Jiangxi
Capital:
Nanchang
Population Density 2024:
270.521
Party Secretary:
Yin Hong
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.58%
Did you know?
Mao Zedong's famous 'Long March' began here in October 1934 and covered over 10,000 km
in the next one year. Ruijin in Jiangxi was the capital of the Chinese Soviet Republic before
the Long March and many other hsitorical places here makes it a popular destination for 'Red
Tourism'.
Province Name:
Jilin
Capital:
Changchun
Population Density 2024:
123.639
Party Secretary:
Huang Qiang
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.07%
Did you know?
It is a critical grain production base and is located on the world-famous "golden rice
belt" and "golden corn belt". Its capital Changchun is also known as "City of automobiles"
(China's Detroit) as China's oldest automobile manufacturer FAW was set up here in 1953.
Province Name:
Liaoning
Capital:
Shenyang
Population Density 2024:
279.987
Party Secretary:
Xu Kunlin
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.38%
Did you know?
China's first aircraft carrier commissioned in 2012 into PLA-N is named after this
province. Known as the 'Rust Belt' of China, it has traditionally been China's one of of the
principal industrial provinces.
Province Name:
Ningxia
Capital:
Yinchuan
Population Density 2024:
110.221
Party Secretary:
Li Yifei
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
0.41%
Did you know?
The province is known for the production of Goji berries, an ingredient used as part of
traditional Chinese medicine.
Province Name:
Qinghai
Capital:
Xining
Population Density 2024:
8.224
Party Secretary:
Wu Xiaojun
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
0.30%
Did you know?
Asia's longest river Yangtze originates in the Tibetan plateau in Qinghai; the Qinghai
region is called Amdo in Tibetan.
Province Name:
Shaanxi
Capital:
Xi'an
Population Density 2024:
192.031
Party Secretary:
Zhao Yide
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.62%
Did you know?
Birth province of Chinese President and CPC General Secretary Xi Jinping. The ancient
Silk Road, which serves as the precursor to present-day BRI, originated here.
Province Name:
Shandong
Capital:
Jinan
Population Density 2024:
644.367
Party Secretary:
Lin Wu
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
7.40%
Did you know?
Confucius (Kong Zi) was born here near Qufu in 551 BCE. China's second aircraft
carrier, which is the country's first domestically built aircraft carrier, is named after this
province.
Province Name:
Shanghai
Capital:
Shanghai
Population Density 2024:
3922.713
Party Secretary:
Chen Jining
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
4.07%
Did you know?
As the birthplace of the Communist Party of China, Shanghai is a politically
significant municipality in China; 8 of the 9 former Party Secretaries of Shanghai since 1987
have earner a seat in Politburo Standing Committee - China's highest decision-making body.
Province Name:
Shanxi
Capital:
Taiyuan
Population Density 2024:
219.911
Party Secretary:
Tang Dengjie
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.83%
Did you know?
Meaning literally "West of the (Taihang) mountains", Shanxi possesses roughly a third
of China's coal deposits and is famous for its unique aged vinegar made through a complex
fermentation process.
Province Name:
Sichuan
Capital:
Chengdu
Population Density 2024:
172.146
Party Secretary:
Wang Xiaohui
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
4.85%
Did you know?
Sichuan means "four rivers", usually denoting four of the province's major rivers: the
Jialing, Jinsha (or Wu), Min, and Tuo rivers. As a result, it is one of the largest grain
producers in China.
Province Name:
Tianjin
Capital:
Tianjin
Population Density 2024:
1144.583
Party Secretary:
Chen Min'er
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.33%
Did you know?
Nankai University, China’s first private university, is in Tianjin and was the alma
mater of PRC's first Premier Zhou Enlai. Tianjin port is one of the busiest ports in China after
Shanghai.
Province Name:
Tibet
Capital:
Lhasa
Population Density 2024:
2.971
Party Secretary:
Wang Junzheng
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
0.22%
Did you know?
Tibet Autonomous Region, commonly called Tibet, is only a part of the historic country
of Tibet and was created by China for administrative purposes; it originally comprised of 3
provinces, namely Amdo, Kham and U-Tsang.
Province Name:
Xinjiang
Capital:
Ürümqi
Population Density 2024:
15.605
Party Secretary:
Chen Xiaojiang
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
1.54%
Did you know?
China's first nuclear weapons test, Project 596, was conducted in at the Lop Nur Test
Site in Xinjiang. To align more with the geographical location, people in Xinjiang unofficially
follow their own Xinjiang Time (GMT +6) which is 2 hours behind the Beijing time (GMT +8)
followed across China.
Province Name:
Yunnan
Capital:
Kunming
Population Density 2024:
118.574
Party Secretary:
Wang Ning
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
2.35%
Did you know?
Yunnan is called the "Kingdom of Plants and Animals" as it has the greatest
biodiversity in China. It is also known as the "Kingdom of non-ferrous metals" as it ranks first
in deposits of zinc, lead, tin, etc.
Province Name:
Zhejiang
Capital:
Hangzhou
Population Density 2024:
650.982
Party Secretary:
Wang Hao
Contribution to GDP in 2025:
6.78%
Did you know?
Zhejiang is the birth province of Taiwan's former leader Chiang-Kai-Shek. It is the
headquarters China's tech companies like Alibaba and DeepSeek, and plays a crucial role in
China's digital economy growth.